1.0. INTRODUCTION
Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) refers to networks, systems, and assets that are so invaluable to a nation that their inability to function, or destruction would have a gruesome negative effect on security, economic stability, public health, and or safety. In Nigeria, as with other nations, CNI encompasses sectors such as energy, water, transportation, telecommunications, health-care, and financial services, among others. The security and resilience of these infrastructures are vital to the country’s well-being, affecting not only national security but also the daily lives of citizens and the overall development of the economy.1
As economies and societies grow more interconnected and reliant on sophisticated systems, the notion of CNI has evolved. When CNI was still young, the focus was mainly on physical infrastructures, such as bridges, roads, and power plants. However, in today’s fast digital age, the scope of critical infrastructure has expanded to include cyber-networks and digital infrastructure that prop up these physical assets. In Nigeria, where technology adoption has been rapid, and the economy is striving to variegate away from oil dependence, the importance of protecting both physical and digital infrastructures cannot be overplay.2
1.1. Historical Background of Critical National Infrastructure in Nigeria
The concept of CNI in Nigeria has become more conspicuous in recent years, but the country’s focus on infrastructure development and security Nigeria embarked on a journey of industrialization and modernization, aiming to build a strong national infrastructure that could support economic growth and meet the needs of its rapidly growing population.3 However, corruption, political instability, and economic mismanagement often hindered these efforts, leaving Nigeria with an apparent
infrastructure deficit.4 Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, infrastructure development in Nigeria was primarily state-driven, with the government owning and operating critical sectors such as power, telecommunications, and transport. However, the inefficiencies of state monopolies, coupled with a lack of investment in maintenance and expansion, led to the downturn of infrastructure across the country. 5 For example, by the late 1980s, Nigeria’s power generation and distribution network was in a state of disrepair, resulting in frequent blackouts and electricity shortages that continue to plague the country today.6 Nigeria’s power grid still continues to deteriorate to this day; it doesn’t always hesitate to collapse. In actuality, the newsreader are sick of making announcements, and the ears are sick of hearing about this occasional downturn in the economy. In the 1990s, the Nigerian government began to embrace a more market-oriented approach to infrastructure development, encouraging private sector participation and foreign investment in key sectors. This shift was driven by the recognition that government resources alone were inadequate to meet the growing infrastructure needs of the country. 7
Kamiludeen Hamzat
Reforms in sectors such as telecommunications, power, and transportation were introduced to modify the market and attract investment.8 The success of these reforms is perhaps best exemplified by the growth of the telecommunications sector, where the liberalization of the market in 2001 led to a reverberation in mobile phone usage, transforming Nigeria into one of the largest telecommunications markets in Africa.9 However, as Nigeria’s infrastructure expanded and modernized, so too did the risks and threats facing these critical systems. The increase of global terrorism, cyber-crime, and other forms of non-traditional security threats has underscored the vulnerability of CNI, not just in Nigeria but worldwide.10
In Nigeria, the threat posed by groups such as Boko-Haram and other insurgent factions, peculiarly in the northeastern region, has highlighted the need for powerfully built protection of critical infrastructure, especially energy and transport systems that are frequently targeted by militants.11
1.2. Importance of Critical National Infrastructure to National Security
National security in Nigeria is heavily dependent on the availability and security of CNI. For instance, the National Grid, which is the center of Nigeria’s energy infrastructure, provides the power necessary for industries, businesses, and households to operate. A significant disruption in the national grid could cripple economic activities, halt production in key sectors, and even undermine health-care systems and emergency response capabilities.12 The Nigerian Gas Pipeline network, another crucial component of the energy sector, has been a frequent target of sabotage, with militant groups in the Niger Delta carrying out attacks that have caused significant disruptions in gas supplies for electricity generation.13
In addition to energy, telecommunications infrastructure plays a critical role in national security. Nigeria’s telecommunications networks not only facilitate communication but also support essential services such as banking, government services, and emergency response systems. A cyberattack on these networks could paralyze the country’s ability to function effectively.14 This was seen in the case of ransom-ware attacks on organizations in Nigeria, which exposed the vulnerabilities of the nation’s digital infrastructure.15 Moreover, Nigeria’s strategic transport networks, such as its seaports, airports, and roadways, are vital to national security. The Nigerian Ports Authority, for example, controls key shipping terminals that are vital for the import and export of goods. A disruption in port operations could lead to severe economic losses, affecting industries and commerce on a large scale, and of course, national scale. 16 The Murtala Muhammed International Airport in Lagos, as Nigeria’s busiest aviation hub, is invaluable for national security, facilitating not only passenger travel but also military logistics and humanitarian aid.17
1.3. Global Perspective on Critical National Infrastructure Protection
Around the world, countries have developed sophisticated strategies for safeguarding their CNI from both physical and caber threats. The United States, for instance, has established the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) to coordinate the protection of CNI, along with frameworks such as the National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP), which outlines how government and private-sector entities should fraternaize to protect infrastructure.18 Similarly, the European Union (EU) has adopted the NIS Directive, which focuses on strengthening the cybersecurity of critical infrastructures across member states.19
For Nigeria, adopting similar frameworks and best practices is crucial to protecting its CNI. Nigeria has already begun taking steps in this direction, particularly with the proposal of the Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill, which seeks to provide a legal framework for the identification and protection of key infrastructures.20 However, Nigeria still faces several challenges in the effective implementation of such policies, including issues related to governance, coordination between security agencies, and the private sector’s involvement in infrastructure security.21
In recent years, digital infrastructure has become an increasingly important part of Nigeria’s CNI, reflecting the global trend towards the digitalization of economies and services. Nigeria has seen rapid growth in the adoption of digital services, with the number of internet users surpassing 100 million in 2022. 22 The country’s digital infrastructure, which includes broadband networks, data centers, and cloud services, supports various sectors, including financial services, e-commerce, health-care, and education.23 However, as Nigeria’s digital economy grows, so too does the susceptibility of its critical digital infrastructure. Cyber-attacks on businesses and government institutions have been on the rise, highlighting the need for greater investment in cyber-security measures.24
The Nigeria Data Protection Regulation (NDPR), implemented by the National Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA) in 2019, was a significant step towards strengthening the security of personal data and digital infrastructure. 25 Yet, more comprehensive efforts are required toprotect critical digital systems that underpin national security and economic stability.26
1.5. International Cooperation in Infrastructure Protection
Infrastructure protection is not a task that can be achieved in isolation, especially in a world where economies and systems are increasingly interconnected. Nigeria, as Africa’s largest economy and one of the continent’s most populous nations, plays a critical role in regional stability and economic development. Consequently, Nigeria has a vested interest in collaborating with international organizations, neighbouring countries, and global partners to protect its critical infrastructure from
shared threats.27 The African Union (AU), through its African Union Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (commonly known as the Malabo Convention), encourages member states to establish legal, regulatory, and institutional frameworks for cybersecurity and infrastructure protection.28 Nigeria is a signatory to this convention and is actively working towards aligning its national policies with the AU’s recommendations. 29 In addition, partnerships with international bodies like the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC), which supports cybersecurity initiatives in Nigeria, are crucial to enhancing the country’s ability to combat cybercrime and protect critical infrastructure.30
The concept of Critical National Infrastructure is central to Nigeria’s national security, economic prosperity, and public safety. As the country faces both traditional and non-traditional security threats, the protection of these infrastructures has become increasingly important. Historical challenges in infrastructure development, coupled with the growing reliance on digital systems, underscore the need for a comprehensive approach to CNI protection in Nigeria.31 By learning from international best practices, strengthening its legal frameworks, and investing in cybersecurity, Nigeria can enhance the resilience of its critical infrastructure and safeguard its future.32
2.0. CRITICAL NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE (CNI) IMPACTS TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF NIGERIA
Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) in Nigeria encompasses a wide range of sectors that are essential for the country’s economic growth, security, and societal welfare. These sectors include energy, telecommunications, transportation, water supply, and financial services, among others. Each of these infrastructures plays a pivotal role in Nigeria’s development and, if disrupted, could have severe consequences on the nation’s progress.
2.1. Energy Infrastructure
One of the most critical components of Nigeria’s infrastructure is its energy sector, which includes electricity generation, transmission, and distribution, as well as oil and gas production. Nigeria is the largest oil producer in Africa and relies heavily on revenue generated from oil exports. The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation (NNPC) controls the majority of the country’s oil and gas assets, making it a critical entity for both national income and energy supply.33 However, Nigeria’s energy infrastructure is highly vulnerable to attacks and sabotage, particularly in the Niger Delta region where militants frequently target oil pipelines. The Nigerian Gas Pipeline network, for instance, has been severely affected by vandalism, causing major disruptions in power supply across the country.34 This affects industries, businesses, and households alike, slowing down economic growth and hampering Nigeria’s industrialization efforts. Furthermore, the frequent blackouts and energy shortages resulting from these disruptions have a cascading effect on other critical infrastructures, including telecommunications, health-care, and financial services.35
2.2. Telecommunications Infrastructure
Telecommunications is another vital sector of Nigeria’s CNI, given the country’s reliance on digital communications for both personal and business interactions. Nigeria boasts the largest mobile telecommunications market in Africa, with millions of citizens and businesses depending on mobile networks for voice and data services.36 The Nigerian Communications Commission (NCC) regulates this sector, ensuring that mobile operators and internet service providers (ISPs) maintain robust infrastructure to meet the demands of a growing digital economy.37 Besides, telecommunications infrastructure in Nigeria is also prone to damage, either due to natural disasters, theft of equipment, or intentional cyberattacks. A disruption in telecommunications can paralyze financial systems, health-care delivery, and even government operations. In 2021, a cyberattack on Nigeria’s telecommunications infrastructure resulted in significant service outages, illustrating the critical role that cyber-security plays in protecting this infrastructure.38
2.3. Transportation Infrastructure
Nigeria’s transportation infrastructure—comprising road networks, railways, seaports, and airports—is essential for facilitating trade, commerce, and the movement of goods and people. The Nigerian Ports Authority (NPA) manages key shipping terminals that handle a substantial percentage of Nigeria’s imports and exports. Lagos and Port Harcourt are major seaports critical to the country’s economic activity.39 Additionally, the railway system, currently undergoing revitalization, aims to enhance the efficiency of cargo movement across the country.40 Transport disruptions, such as attacks on railways or poor road conditions, can have a devastating effect on economic activities. For example, attacks on key transport routes, particularly in regions affected by Boko Haram insurgency, have led to delays in goods delivery and increased costs of transport.41 Such disruptions not only undermine trade but also affect food security, health-care access, and the overall movement of people within the country.
2.4. Water Supply Infrastructure
Water is another critical resource that supports Nigeria’s population and industries. The infrastructure for water supply, including dams, treatment plants, and pipelines, is vital for agriculture, manufacturing, and public health. Disruptions in water supply can lead to widespread public health crises, affect food production, and hinder industrial processes that rely on consistent water supply.42
In some parts of Nigeria, inadequate water infrastructure has exacerbated issues such as droughts and water scarcity. This, in turn, affects food production and agriculture, which is a key sector for both national food security and economic development.43 Maintaining and protecting water infrastructure is thus essential for sustaining Nigeria’s population and supporting its economy.
2.5. Financial Services Infrastructure
Nigeria’s financial services sector, driven by banks, Fintech, and the Central Bank of Nigeria (CBN), forms the backbone of the country’s economy. With an increasing emphasis on digital banking and cashless transactions, the financial infrastructure is becoming more reliant on digital networks and cybersecurity.44 Any disruption in this sector can have far-reaching consequences, not only halting economic activities but also affecting national security. In 2016, for instance, a cyberattack on Nigerian banks caused disruptions in financial services, highlighting the vulnerability of the sector to both physical and cyber threats. 45 Given that Nigeria is Africa’s largest economy, maintaining the integrity and resilience of its financial services infrastructure is key to sustaining national and regional stability.
The importance of Nigeria’s Critical National Infrastructure to the country’s development cannot be over-emphasized. From energy and telecommunications to transport and financial services, these infrastructures are integral to Nigeria’s economic growth, security, and societal well-being. Any disruption in these infrastructures could have catastrophic effects on the country’s stability and progress. Therefore, securing and protecting these vital systems is crucial for Nigeria’s future development.
3.0. IS THERE A LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND NEWLY IMPLEMENTED INFRASTRUCTURE CAPTURED UNDER CRITICAL NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE?
The development and protection of Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) in Nigeria are nurtured by a series of legal frameworks designed to ensure the resilience and security of these essential services. Understanding the legal landscape surrounding CNI is vital for recognizing the government’s commitment to safeguarding these sectors from threats, including terrorism, vandalism, and cyber-attacks. Recent legislative measures, particularly the Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill (CIPB), are emblematic of Nigeria’s approach to enhancing its national security through legal means.
3.1. Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill (CIPB) and Designation and Protection of Critical National Information Infrastructure Order
The Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill was introduced in the National Assembly to provide a comprehensive legal framework for the protection of Nigeria’s CNI. This Bill recognizes the importance of various sectors—such as energy, telecommunications, transportation, and financial services—as essential to national security and public safety.46 The proposed legislation aims to create a structured mechanism for identifying, assessing, and reducing risks associated with these infrastructures.
The CIPB emphasizes the need for cooperation among government agencies, private sector stakeholders, and international partners in the protection of CNI. It mandates that critical infrastructure operators implement security measures, report threats, and engage in continuous risk assessments.47 By establishing a legal framework, the CIPB seeks to promote proactive measures that prevent disruptions and enhance the overall resilience of Nigeria’s essential services. Recently, the Federal Government has designated infrastructure in 13 key sectors as critical national infrastructure that must not be in any way tampered with. Infrastructure in thirteen important industries has been identified by the federal government as vital national infrastructure, meaning that it cannot be interfered with in any way. Power and energy, water, banking, finance and insurance, health, public administration, education, defence and security, transportation, food and agriculture, emergency services, industrial and manufacturing, mining and steel, and information, communications, and science and technology are some of these sectors.
Critical services infrastructure was also mentioned, including the databases for the National Identity Number, Bank Verification Number, Nigeria Inter-Bank Settlement System, Transmission Base, and Grid Substation. The “Designation and Protection of Critical National Information Infrastructure Order, 2024,” which President Bola Tinubu just signed into official gazette, contains this information.
3.2. Existing Legal Frameworks
In addition to the Designation and Protection of Critical National Information Infrastructure Order, recently signed by the President, Nigeria has various legal instruments that address aspects of infrastructure protection. The National Security Agencies Act establishes the legal foundation for the operations of security agencies responsible for protecting national interests, including CNI. 48 The Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act 2015 is another significant legislative measure that addresses cyber threats to critical infrastructures. This Act establishes a legal framework for the investigation and prosecution of cybercrimes that may target essential services, particularly in telecommunications and financial sectors.49 Furthermore, sector-specific regulations, such as the Nigerian Communications Act, 2003 and the Electricity Sector Reform Act, contain provisions aimed at ensuring the security and resilience of their respective infrastructures. These laws require operators to adhere to security protocols and maintain continuity of services, thereby reinforcing the protection of CNI within their domains.50
3.3. Newly Implemented Infrastructure
In conjunction with the legal frameworks, Nigeria has witnessed the implementation of various infrastructure projects aimed at enhancing the resilience of CNI. For instance, the Nigerian government has embarked on ambitious projects to modernize its transportation networks, including the construction of new rail lines and rehabilitation of major highways. These efforts are crucial not only for economic growth but also for enhancing security and reducing vulnerabilities to attacks on transportation systems.51
Moreover, the National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy, launched in 2021, reflects Nigeria’s commitment to securing its digital infrastructure against cyber threats. This strategy outlines a comprehensive approach to strengthening the cybersecurity posture of critical sectors, including telecommunications and financial services, through capacity building, public awareness campaigns, and collaboration with international partners.52
3.4. International Cooperation and Compliance
To bolster its legal frameworks and infrastructure resilience, Nigeria has engaged in various international partnerships and agreements aimed at enhancing the security of its critical infrastructures. The country is a signatory to the African Union’s Malabo Convention on Cybersecurity and Personal Data Protection, which seeks to establish a common framework for protecting critical infrastructure across member states.53 Additionally, Nigeria has participated in initiatives organized by the United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC) that focus on improving cybersecurity measures in West Africa.54
These international collaborations are essential for adopting best practices and ensuring that Nigeria’s legal frameworks align with global standards in the protection of critical infrastructure. The legal framework surrounding Critical National Infrastructure in Nigeria, bolstered by the introduction of the Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill and various sector-specific regulations, reflects the country’s recognition of the importance of safeguarding its essential services. The establishment of these legal instruments, alongside newly implemented infrastructure projects, is crucial for enhancing the resilience and security of Nigeria’s CNI. By fostering collaboration between government, private sector stakeholders, and international partners, Nigeria can better protect its critical infrastructures against
emerging threats.
4.0. WHAT MAKES THE CRITICAL NATIONAL INFRASTRUCTURE SO CRITICAL?
Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) is important for the functioning and security of any nation, including Nigeria. The importance of CNI stems from its role in sustaining economic stability, ensuring public safety, and maintaining national security. Several factors contribute to the critical nature of this infrastructure, particularly in the context of Nigeria’s unique socioeconomic and geopolitical landscape.
4.1. Economic Stability and Growth
CNI directly influences the economic stability and growth of a nation. In Nigeria, sectors such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications are fundamental for facilitating trade, attracting foreign investment, and promoting industrial activities. For instance, the Nigerian economy is significantly dependent on the oil and gas sector, which is heavily reliant on robust infrastructure for production, processing, and transportation.55 Any disruption in this sector can lead to substantial revenue losses, affecting not only the economy but also public services funded by this revenue, such as health-care and education.56 Moreover, a reliable energy supply is crucial for manufacturing and other industries, as consistent power outages can severely impede production processes. The frequent disruptions in electricity supply have been identified as a major hindrance to economic development in Nigeria, limiting the growth potential of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs)57 Thus, maintaining and securing CNI is vital for fostering a conducive environment for economic growth.
4.2. Public Safety and Welfare
The protection of CNI is cardinal for ensuring public safety and welfare. Infrastructure such as transportation systems, water supply, and health care facilities plays a critical role in daily life. For example, a well functioning transportation system is essential for the movement of people and goods, which is vital during emergencies, such as medical evacuations or disaster response efforts.58 Any disruption in transportation infrastructure can hinder access to essential services and contribute to public unrest. Moreover, the provision of safe and reliable water supply is crucial for public health. Contaminated or interrupted water supply can lead to health crises, as seen in instances of cholera outbreaks in regions with inadequate water infrastructure. 59 Hence, securing CNI is integral to maintaining the health and safety of the population, making it a critical component of national welfare.
4.3. National Security Implications
CNI is also a focal point for national security, particularly in a country like Nigeria, which faces various security challenges, including terrorism, insurgency, and organized crime. Attacks on critical infrastructure can have dire consequences for national stability. For example, the activities of Boko-Haram and other militant groups have targeted energy installations, transportation networks, and communication systems, leading to not only immediate disruption but also long-term insecurity.60 Securing CNI is essential for deterring such attacks and ensuring the resilience of critical services in times of crisis. A robust national securitystrategy that encompasses the protection of CNI is crucial for safeguarding the nation’s interests and maintaining public confidence in government institutions.61
4.4. Global Interdependence
In today’s interconnected world, the critical nature of infrastructure is amplified by global interdependence. Nigeria’s participation in international trade and its integration into the global economy make it vulnerable to disruptions in its CNI. For better illustration, the efficiency of Nigeria’s ports and transportation networks directly impacts trade relations with other countries. A disruption in these sectors can lead to delays in the delivery of goods, affecting both local and international markets.62 Moreover, the digitalization of services and increased reliance on technology make cybersecurity an integral aspect of CNI. With the rise of cyber threats, the need to protect digital infrastructure becomes paramount, as vulnerabilities can have far-reaching implications for national security and economic stability.63
The critical nature of infrastructure in Nigeria is underscored by its profound impact on economic stability, public safety, national security, and global interdependence. The effective protection and resilience of Critical National Infrastructure are essential for ensuring the nation’s prosperity and stability. As Nigeria continues to navigate complex socioeconomic challenges, prioritizing the security of its CNI will be vital for fostering a secure and sustainable future.
5.0. CONCLUSION
The protection and maintenance of Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) are indispensable to Nigeria’s progress and survival. This necessity spans
across various sectors including energy, telecommunications, transportation, water resources, and health services. Each of these sectors underpins Nigeria’s economic growth, national security, and public welfare. The identification and protection of CNI are not only a matter of technical importance but are deeply related to the country’s ability to prosper in an increasingly interconnected and competitive global environment.
In examining the examples of critical infrastructure in Nigeria, such as oil pipelines, power grids, communication networks, and transportation systems, it is evident that their disruption could emanate to far-reaching economic losses and social instability. For instance, Nigeria’s reliance on oil exports makes its energy infrastructure particularly vulnerable, both to physical sabotage and cyber-attacks.64 The loss of access to key resources or interruptions in their distribution could cripple industries that depend on reliable supplies of power and energy, potentially halting economic activities and causing widespread social unrest.65
The Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill (CIPB) is a significant step forward in addressing these vulnerabilities through legal frameworks designed to safeguard Nigeria’s infrastructure. This legislative approach is bolstered by existing laws, such as the Cybercrime Act, which seeks to minimize cyber-threats against CNI. In addition, Nigeria’s commitment to global cyber-security frameworks, including the African Union’s Malabo Convention on Cyber-security, highlights its proactive stance in protecting its digital infrastructure. 66 However, while the CIPB and similar regulations provide a framework, their success hinges on proper and effective enforcement, public-private collaboration, and continuous improvement to adapt to new threats.
The critical nature of Nigeria’s infrastructure lies not only in its ability to support the economy and ensure public safety, but also in its role in maintaining national security. Disruptions caused by terrorism, insurgency, or criminal elements, as evidenced by Boko Haram’s attacks on energy infrastructure, demonstrate the potential for serious national security threats arising from the neglect of CNI. 67 Furthermore, infrastructure systems have become interdependent, meaning that the failure of one sector can create cascading effects across others, further emphasizing the need for a much more holistic approaches to protection.
International collaboration has also played a role in shaping Nigeria’s CNI protection strategies, particularly in the areas of cybersecurity and anti-terrorism efforts. Nigeria’s involvement in the African Union and its participation in initiatives organized by the United Nations, such as the UNODC’s West African cybersecurity initiatives, signal its understanding of the need for a global, coordinated response to the protection of infrastructure. 68 These collaborations enhance Nigeria’s ability to secure its infrastructure against emerging global threats while also learning from best practices worldwide.
Ultimately, CNI is critical because it underpins the entirety of Nigeria’s economic, social, and political landscape. The failure to adequately protect this infrastructure can result in devastating consequences for the country, ranging from economic collapse to loss of life. As Nigeria continues to face internal and external threats, the focus on securing CNI must remain a priority. This will require ongoing investments in infrastructure, improvements in regulatory frameworks, and enhanced cooperation between government, private sector actors, and international allies.
6.0. RECOMMENDATIONS
The protection and resilience of Critical National Infrastructure (CNI) in Nigeria demand a multifaceted approach that encompasses legal, technical, and organizational measures. As Nigeria continues to develop and face complex security challenges, the following recommendations should be considered to bolster the country’s ability to safeguard its significant infrastructure:
6.1. Public-Private Partnerships (PPP)
Given that a large portion of Nigeria’s CNI, such as telecommunications and energy, is owned and operated by private companies, fostering effective public-private partnerships (PPP) is very crucial. The Nigerian government should engage with private sector stakeholders to create joint security frameworks that include real-time information sharing, threat assessments, and coordinated response plans.69 Private companies should also be incentivized to invest in security measures that protect their infrastructure from both physical and cyber threats. Incentives could take the form of tax breaks, subsidies for security-related technology investments, or legal protection in exchange for full compliance with CNI protection protocols. 70 This would ensure that businesses prioritize security without the fear of financial losses or legal repercussions.
6.2. Enhancing Cyber-security Measures
As the world becomes increasingly digitized, Nigeria’s critical infrastructure faces growing threats from cyberattacks. The government should prioritize the implementation of the National Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy (NCPS) and ensure that all critical sectors adhere to its guidelines.71 This includes mandatory cybersecurity audits for companies operating CNI, real-time cyber threat monitoring, and continuous training for personnel in identifying and mitigating cyber risks.
Incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) into cybersecurity systems could also improve threat detection and response times. 72 These technologies would help prevent potential disruptions before they cause significant harm, thereby increasing the resilience of Nigeria’s digital infrastructure.
6.3. Capacity Building and Training
Human resource development is a vital component of CNI protection. The government should invest in capacity-building initiatives that provide relevant training for professionals in the sectors most vulnerable to attacks, such as energy, telecommunications, and finance.73 This could include offering specialized courses on CNI security, organizing workshops on emerging threats, and facilitating certifications in cybersecurity and infrastructure protection. Additionally, collaboration with academic institutions and international partners could enhance knowledge sharing and technology transfer. Nigeria should also focus on developing a pool of experts who can oversee the security and resilience of CNI across all sectors.
6.4. International Collaboration
Threats to CNI are often transnational, requiring international cooperation to effectively address them. Nigeria should continue to collaborate with global organizations, such as the United Nations and the African Union, to share best practices and improve its legal and operational frameworks for protecting CNI.74 Participation in international security exercises and cyber defense simulations would further strengthen Nigeria’s preparedness for both physical and digital attacks. Moreover, Nigeria should explore bilateral agreements with other nations to enhance cross-border infrastructure protection, especially concerning energy, transportation, and digital networks. These collaborations would help Nigeria keep pace with global advancements in infrastructure security.
Simply put, protecting Nigeria’s Critical National Infrastructure requires a robust combination of legal reforms, public-private partnerships, cybersecurity enhancements, capacity building, and international cooperation. Implementing these recommendations will improve the country’s resilience against an array of threats, from terrorism and vandalism to cyberattacks, ensuring the continued prosperity and security of the nation. The government, private sector, and international community must work together to safeguard Nigeria’s essential infrastructure for the long-term stability of the country.
FOOTNOTES:
1 Nigerian Communications Commission, Telecommunications Infrastructure Development and Its Role in
Economic Growth (NCC 2022) <https://www.ncc.gov.ng> accessed 15 October 2024.
2 Ibid.dates back to the post-colonial era. After gaining independence in 1960,
3 Nigerian Ministry of Power, Energy Infrastructure and National Development: Challenges and Prospects (2023).
4 Ibid.
5 National Security Agency, National Security and Critical Infrastructure (NSA 2020) <https://www.nsa.gov.ng>
accessed 15 October 2024.
6 Ibid.
7 Nigerian Electricity Regulatory Commission, Private Sector Participation in Power Infrastructure Development
(2022).
8 Ibid.
9 Nigerian Communications Commission (n 1).
10 National Security Agency (n 5).
11 Ibid.
12 Nigerian Ministry of Power (n 3).
13 Ibid.
14 Nigerian Communications Commission (n 1).
15 Akinlade A, ‘Telecommunications Disruption and National Security in Nigeria’ (2020) 5 Journal of Nigerian Law 45.
16 Nigerian Ports Authority, Seaports and National Development: The Need for Security Enhancement (2021).
17 Nigerian Ministry of Aviation, The Role of Airports in National Security (2023).
18 US Department of Homeland Security, National Infrastructure Protection Plan (2020) <https://www.dhs.gov>
accessed 15 October 2024.
19 European Commission, Directive on Security of Network and Information Systems (NIS Directive) (2016).
20 Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill 2023 (Nigeria).
21 Ibid.1.4. The Role of Digital Infrastructure in Nigeria’s Future Development
22 Nigerian Communications Commission (n 1).
23 Ibid
24 African Union, Malabo Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (AU 2014).
25 Nigerian Information Technology Development Agency (NITDA), Nigeria Data Protection Regulation (NDPR)
2019.
26 Ibid.
27 African Union (n 24).
28 Ibid
29 Ibid
30 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Cybercrime and Infrastructure Protection in West Africa (2020).
31 Nigerian Communications Commission (n 1).
32 Ibid
33 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Annual Statistical Bulletin (NNPC 2022).
34 Nigerian Ministry of Petroleum Resources, Pipeline Sabotage and Its Impact on Nigeria’s Energy Supply (2021).
35 Ibid
36 Nigerian Communications Commission, NCC Annual Report 2022 (NCC 2022).
37 Ibid.
38 Akinlade A, ‘Cybersecurity and Telecommunications Infrastructure in Nigeria’ (2021) 6 Journal of Nigerian ICT
Law 78.
39 Nigerian Ports Authority, Annual Report 2021 (NPA 2021).
40 Nigerian Railway Corporation, Nigerian Railways Revitalization Project: Progress Report (2022).
41 National Security Agency, Insurgency and Critical Infrastructure in Nigeria (NSA 2020).
42 Nigerian Ministry of Water Resources, National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy (2021).
43 Ibid
44 Central Bank of Nigeria, CBN Annual Report 2021 (CBN 2021).
45 Financial Services Regulation Coordinating Committee, Cybersecurity Risks in Nigeria’s Financial Services Sector
(FSRCC 2017)
46 Critical Infrastructure Protection Bill 2023 (Nigeria).
47 Ibid.
48 National Security Agencies Act 1986 (Nigeria)
49 Cybercrime (Prohibition, Prevention, etc.) Act 2015 (Nigeria).
50 Nigerian Communications Act 2003 (Nigeria); Electricity Sector Reform Act 2005 (Nigeria).
51 Nigerian Ministry of Transportation, National Transport Policy (2021).
52 Nigerian Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy 2021
53 African Union, Malabo Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (AU 2014).
54 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Cybercrime and Infrastructure Protection in West Africa (2020).
55 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Annual Statistical Bulletin (NNPC 2022).
56 Ibid.
57 Nigerian Ministry of Power, The Impact of Electricity Supply on Economic Development (2021)
58 Nigerian Ministry of Transportation, National Transport Policy (2021).
59 World Health Organization, Water Sanitation Hygiene: Key Facts (2020) <https://www.who.int/news
room/fact-sheets/detail/water-sanitation-and-hygiene-(wash)> accessed 15 October 2024.
60 National Security Agency, Insurgency and Critical Infrastructure in Nigeria (NSA 2020)
61 Nigerian Ministry of Defense, National Security Strategy (2021).
62 Nigerian Ports Authority, Annual Report 2021(NPA 2021
63 Nigerian Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy 2021.
64 Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, Annual Statistical Bulletin (NNPC 2022).
65 Nigerian Ministry of Finance, National Economic Recovery and Growth Plan (2017-2020).
66 African Union, Malabo Convention on Cyber Security and Personal Data Protection (AU 2014).
67 National Security Agency, Insurgency and Critical Infrastructure in Nigeria (NSA 2020).
68 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Cybercrime and Infrastructure Protection in West Africa (2020).
69 Nigerian Ministry of Finance, Public-Private Partnership Framework for National Infrastructure Protection
(2021).
70 Ibid.
71 Nigerian Cybersecurity Policy and Strategy 2021.
72 Nigerian Ministry of Science and Technology, Artificial Intelligence and National Security: A Policy Framework
(2020)
73 Nigerian Ministry of Science and Technology, Artificial Intelligence and National Security: A Policy Framework
(2020)
74 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, Cybercrime and Infrastructure Protection in West Africa (2020)
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